These charts are representative of how one progresses on the path to Buddhahood and the belief that all sentient beings are on such a path, even if that is not yet their conscious goal. They are very simplified and do not reflect many of the details or nuances within the various categories. The first chart shows the difference in goals, in general terms, among the world religions and the two main branches of Buddhism. The second chart provides basic information about what the other religions and the four categories of Buddhist practice include—the level of attainment involved in each and the time required to become accomplished. The third chart lists some of the vows and actual practices done in each of these categories. Please remember that the charts represent generalizations about the various systems of belief and are not absolutely true for any given practitioner within that system.
TABLE I: Comparison of Other World Religions And Two Major Branches of Buddhism
| WORLD RELIGION | BUDDHISM | BUDDHISM | |
| GOAL | Initial Stage | Theravada Stage | Mahayana Stage (open & secret) |
| To stop non-meritorious (evil) behavior and practice good behavior to accumulate necessary merit so as to gain high status and a favorable rebirth in the future. In Buddhism this is seen only as a provisional goal and not as an end in itself. However, mastery of this stage is necessary to progress to higher levels. | To escape suffering of samsara (cycle of birth and death). This includes Sravakas or Arhats (Lo-hans) as well as the Pratyekabuddhas who obtain liberation on their own without a teacher in their current lifetime. This is also seen as a provisional goal or respite on the way to Buddhahood whereby the conflicting emotions are eliminated but the goal of ultimate nirvana has not been reached. | The superior goal of the Bodhisattva to bring all beings to complete enlightenment or ultimate nirvana before gaining the goal of Buddhahood for one’s self. Here the double veils of conflicting emotions and primitive beliefs about reality have both been lifted and one achieves complete enlightenment. |
TABLE II: Comparison of Various Buddhist Traditions and Non-Buddhist Religions
| Other World Religions | Exoteric Buddhism | Esoteric Buddhism |
|||
| Theravada | Pratyeka | Mahayana | Vajrayana | ||
| Path | Path of Favorable Rebirth in Human or Heavenly Realms | Path to Liberation (Sravakayana) in Arhat Realm | Path to Liberation without a Master (Pratyekayana) in Pratyekaya Realm | Paramita or Open Mahayana Path to Buddhahood in Buddha realm | Tantric or Secret Mahayana Path to Buddhaood (Vajrayana or Tantrayana) in Buddha Realm |
| Vehicle | of Brahma, other gods, and men | of Sravakas | of Pratyeka-Buddhas | of Bodhisattvas | of Bodhisattvas |
| Level of Attainment Possible | Rebirth in the 3 Higher Realms of Samsara including the various Heavens, but will still have to take unfavorable rebirths to pay off karmic debts unless they become enlightened while in these realms | Arhat or Lohan (Sravakas) | Pratyeka-Buddha (Not true Buddhas) | Arhats Ten levels or stages of Bodhisattvas |
Twelve or thirteen levels of Bodhisattvas
Buddhahood |
| Buddha Body Attained | None | None | Dharmakaya. [Sambhogakaya and Nirmanakaya are both revealed, but not emphasized] |
Dharmakaya, Sambhogakaya, Nirmanakaya, and Real Nature Body Advanced adepts may also obtain the Immortal Body or Rainbow Body | |
| Time Required | 1-7 lifetimes to become an Arhat | 100 kalpas to become a Pratyeka-Buddha | 3 asaṃkhyeya kalpas+ | Liberation possible in current lifetime with higher empowerments Lower level practices can take up to 16 lifetimes | |
TABLE III: Vows, Beliefs, Practices, and Texts of Buddhist and Non-Buddhist Religions
| Non-Buddhist | Theravada | Open Mahayana | Secret Vajrayana | |
| Buddhist Vows |
Take refuge in the Three Jewels
Pratimoksha Vows for Individual Liberation |
Same as Theravada
Bodhisattva Vows to liberate all beings |
Same as Open Mahayana, but may take refuge in the Four Jewels
Tantric Vows (Vary to fit practitioner’s karma) |
|
| Major Tenents/ Beliefs |
Impermanence
Firm belief in the suffering of samsara Cause and Effect (KARMA) Appreciation for precious human birth |
Same as Theravada | Same as Mahayana
Blessings & help from Holy Beings |
|
| Major Practices (training) |
FOUR LIMITLESS STATES OF MIND (loving kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, equanimity) |
12 LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOUR LIMITLESS STATES OF MIND MORALITY, CONCENTRATION & WISDOM** |
FOUR LIMITLESS STATES OF MIND (loving kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, non-differentiated generosity)
TEN GOOD CHARACTERISTICS DEVELOP BODHICHITTA* SIX PARAMITAS FOUR ALL-EMBRACING FIVE VIDYAS (Healing, Art-Technology, Sound, Logic, & Inner Realization) |
PRELIMINARY PRACTICES (100,000 minimum)
VARIOUS TANTRIC PRACTICES (vary to fit practitioner’s karma) MORALITY, CONCENTRATION & WISDOM** |
| Major Texts | What Is Cultivation? SAUMOL Expounding the Absolute Truth through the Heart Sutra |
Pali Suttas
What Is Cultivation? |
Mahayana Sutras
What Is Cultivation? SAUMOL |
Mahayana Commentaries & Tantras
What Is Cultivation? Learning from Buddha SAUMOL Tantra Practice Booklets Expounding the Absolute Truth through the Heart Sutra |
In most sources the term “hinayana” is used to describe the Lesser Vehicle. It is believed that this was a mistranslation of very early texts as “hina” is considered a very insulting and derogatory term in Pali and Sanskrit. The word used in Tibetan and Chinese is translated as “lesser” without that connotation to denote that a lesser goal (short of full Buddhahood) is sought. Some use the term Sravakayana as this is the vehicle of the Sravakas or Arahats. Others refer to Early Buddhism or Conservative or Fundamental Buddhism to describe those who follow this path as compared to the Mahayana path. And some only want to refer to Northern and Southern Buddhism, but that does not portray the essential differences in goals of the two groups. Whatever this path is called, it should not be considered inferior in its methods or teachings and they were taught by Shakyamuni Buddha as what was appropriate for those living when He taught and for many people today. As shown on this chart, the Mahayana followers, must also master or understand these teachings to become accomplished. However, the use of any derogatory term that is insulting in its meaning is not appropriate and should not be used so we usually use Theravada, the last remaining school in that tradition.
+ Asaṃkhyeya is a Buddhist name for the number 10¹⁴⁰ or alternatively for the number 10^{{}} as it is described in the Avatamsaka Sutra. The value of the number is different depending upon the translation, but can also be thought of as innumerable or incalculable.
* It is not correct to assume that those following the lesser vehicle do not develop compassion or bodhichitta. H.H. Dorje Chang Buddha III has taught that one cannot become an Arhat without having Bodhichitta. These categories should only be considered as guides and used for reference.
** Although the truths of these practices are the same for the followers of the Theravada and Mahayana, the levels of realization of these factors are different. You should read Expounding the Absolute Truth through the Heart Sutra to understand this.
Revised July 10, 2040